Let’s define some vectors which can be used for demonstrations:
manyNumbers <- sample( 1:1000, 20 )
manyNumbers
[1] 520 412 372 656 750 757 633 753 896 554 844 114 436 854 871 473 183 39 227 590
manyNumbersWithNA <- sample( c( NA, NA, NA, manyNumbers ) )
manyNumbersWithNA
[1] 896 436 633 227 854 473 NA 590 114 750 39 183 757 372 412 656 844 753 NA NA 554 871 520
duplicatedNumbers <- sample( 1:5, 10, replace = TRUE )
duplicatedNumbers
[1] 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 4 5 5
letters
[1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i" "j" "k" "l" "m" "n" "o" "p" "q" "r" "s" "t" "u" "v" "w" "x" "y"
[26] "z"
LETTERS
[1] "A" "B" "C" "D" "E" "F" "G" "H" "I" "J" "K" "L" "M" "N" "O" "P" "Q" "R" "S" "T" "U" "V" "W" "X" "Y"
[26] "Z"
mixedLetters <- c( sample( letters, 5 ), sample( LETTERS, 5 ) )
mixedLetters
[1] "a" "g" "s" "e" "t" "L" "C" "K" "O" "X"
manyNumbersWithNA instead of manyNumbers.all( manyNumbers <= 1000 )
[1] TRUE
all( manyNumbers <= 500 )
[1] FALSE
any( manyNumbers > 1000 )
[1] FALSE
any( manyNumbers > 500 )
[1] TRUE
all( !is.na( manyNumbers ) )
[1] TRUE
any( is.na( manyNumbers ) )
[1] FALSE
Input: logical vector Output: vector of numbers (positions)
which( manyNumbers > 900 )
integer(0)
which( manyNumbersWithNA > 900 )
integer(0)
which( is.na( manyNumbersWithNA ) )
[1] 7 19 20
manyNumbers[ manyNumbers > 900 ] # indexing by logical vector
integer(0)
manyNumbers[ which( manyNumbers > 900 ) ] # indexing by positions
integer(0)
somePositions <- which( manyNumbers > 900 )
manyNumbers[ somePositions ]
integer(0)
"A" %in% LETTERS
[1] TRUE
c( "X", "Y", "Z" ) %in% LETTERS
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE
all( c( "X", "Y", "Z" ) %in% LETTERS )
[1] TRUE
all( mixedLetters %in% LETTERS )
[1] FALSE
any( mixedLetters %in% LETTERS )
[1] TRUE
mixedLetters[ mixedLetters %in% LETTERS ]
[1] "L" "C" "K" "O" "X"
mixedLetters[ !( mixedLetters %in% LETTERS ) ]
[1] "a" "g" "s" "e" "t"
manyNumbers %in% 300:600
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
[18] FALSE FALSE TRUE
which( manyNumbers %in% 300:600 )
[1] 1 2 3 10 13 16 20
sum( manyNumbers %in% 300:600 )
[1] 7
NAsif_else( manyNumbersWithNA >= 500, "large", "small" )
[1] "large" "small" "large" "small" "large" "small" NA "large" "small" "large" "small" "small"
[13] "large" "small" "small" "large" "large" "large" NA NA "large" "large" "large"
if_else( manyNumbersWithNA >= 500, "large", "small", "UNKNOWN" )
[1] "large" "small" "large" "small" "large" "small" "UNKNOWN" "large" "small" "large"
[11] "small" "small" "large" "small" "small" "large" "large" "large" "UNKNOWN" "UNKNOWN"
[21] "large" "large" "large"
# here integer 0L is needed instead of real 0.0
# manyNumbersWithNA contains integer numbers and the method complains
if_else( manyNumbersWithNA >= 500, manyNumbersWithNA, 0L )
[1] 896 0 633 0 854 0 NA 590 0 750 0 0 757 0 0 656 844 753 NA NA 554 871 520
unique( duplicatedNumbers )
[1] 3 1 2 4 5
unique( c( NA, duplicatedNumbers, NA ) )
[1] NA 3 1 2 4 5
duplicated( duplicatedNumbers )
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
which.max( manyNumbersWithNA )
[1] 1
manyNumbersWithNA[ which.max( manyNumbersWithNA ) ]
[1] 896
which.min( manyNumbersWithNA )
[1] 11
manyNumbersWithNA[ which.min( manyNumbersWithNA ) ]
[1] 39
range( manyNumbersWithNA, na.rm = TRUE )
[1] 39 896
manyNumbersWithNA
[1] 896 436 633 227 854 473 NA 590 114 750 39 183 757 372 412 656 844 753 NA NA 554 871 520
sort( manyNumbersWithNA )
[1] 39 114 183 227 372 412 436 473 520 554 590 633 656 750 753 757 844 854 871 896
sort( manyNumbersWithNA, na.last = TRUE )
[1] 39 114 183 227 372 412 436 473 520 554 590 633 656 750 753 757 844 854 871 896 NA NA NA
sort( manyNumbersWithNA, na.last = TRUE, decreasing = TRUE )
[1] 896 871 854 844 757 753 750 656 633 590 554 520 473 436 412 372 227 183 114 39 NA NA NA
manyNumbersWithNA[1:5]
[1] 896 436 633 227 854
order( manyNumbersWithNA[1:5] )
[1] 4 2 3 5 1
rank( manyNumbersWithNA[1:5] )
[1] 5 2 3 1 4
sort( mixedLetters )
[1] "a" "C" "e" "g" "K" "L" "O" "s" "t" "X"
manyDuplicates <- sample( 10:15, 10, replace = TRUE )
rank( manyDuplicates )
[1] 5.0 5.0 7.5 9.5 9.5 7.5 2.5 1.0 5.0 2.5
rank( manyDuplicates, ties.method = "min" )
[1] 4 4 7 9 9 7 2 1 4 2
rank( manyDuplicates, ties.method = "random" )
[1] 4 5 7 9 10 8 2 1 6 3
v <- c( -1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1, rnorm( 10 ) )
v
[1] -1.0000000 -0.5000000 0.0000000 0.5000000 1.0000000 -0.7471214 1.0710889 -0.5715681 -0.7874737
[10] -1.0968273 1.0916385 1.0620742 -1.0106822 -0.4353414 1.2792511
round( v, 0 )
[1] -1 0 0 0 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 0 1
round( v, 1 )
[1] -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 -0.7 1.1 -0.6 -0.8 -1.1 1.1 1.1 -1.0 -0.4 1.3
round( v, 2 )
[1] -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 -0.75 1.07 -0.57 -0.79 -1.10 1.09 1.06 -1.01 -0.44 1.28
floor( v )
[1] -1 -1 0 0 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -2 1 1 -2 -1 1
ceiling( v )
[1] -1 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 -1 2 2 -1 0 2
heights <- c( Amy = 166, Eve = 170, Bob = 177 )
heights
Amy Eve Bob
166 170 177
names( heights )
[1] "Amy" "Eve" "Bob"
names( heights ) <- c( "AMY", "EVE", "BOB" )
heights
AMY EVE BOB
166 170 177
heights[[ "EVE" ]]
[1] 170
expand_grid( x = c( 1:3, NA ), y = c( "a", "b" ) )
# A tibble: 8 x 2
x y
<int> <chr>
1 1 a
2 1 b
3 2 a
4 2 b
5 3 a
6 3 b
7 NA a
8 NA b
combn( c( "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ), m = 2, simplify = TRUE )
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
[1,] "a" "a" "a" "a" "b" "b" "b" "c" "c" "d"
[2,] "b" "c" "d" "e" "c" "d" "e" "d" "e" "e"
combn( c( "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ), m = 3, simplify = TRUE )
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
[1,] "a" "a" "a" "a" "a" "a" "b" "b" "b" "c"
[2,] "b" "b" "b" "c" "c" "d" "c" "c" "d" "d"
[3,] "c" "d" "e" "d" "e" "e" "d" "e" "e" "e"
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